Americans participating in a study of attitudes toward abortion said they do not typically discuss it, find the labels "pro-life" and "pro-choice" inadequate, and generally do not consider abortion a "desirable good" for society, according to a University of Notre Dame study.
The study also reported that participants believe abortion is intimately personal rather than a political issue as often portrayed in public discussions.
The findings emerged in a report released July 15 by the Indiana Catholic university. A research team led by sociologist Tricia Bruce, who is affiliated with the university's Center for the Study of Religion and Society, also found the participants had never been asked about nor been listened to regarding their views on abortion.
Bruce told Catholic News Service the study was designed to gather information from participants in interviews that lasted an average of 75 minutes. Overall, 217 people, described as "ordinary Americans," were interviewed from March through August 2019 in an effort to assess their attitudes toward abortion.
The interviewees for the study, titled "How Americans Understand Abortion," discussed their attitudes on abortion in a way far differently than they might engage on the issue through social media, among neighbors or at public events, Bruce said. "They didn't really sound like activists. They didn't sound like politicians," she said.
"Each time I sat down, what I saw was not a number. What I saw and heard was a real person sharing their lives and their questions and their struggles (about abortion), and talking about something like abortion suddenly opens up the space where people begin to talk through their thoughts," she said.
The report was developed not to take political sides but to allow for more fruitful discussions on abortion in American society, Bruce explained.
"What the report might change is that we listen to each other ... so we can have more productive space to reach common ground to move forward on the conversations we need to have," she said.
People from six states -- California, Colorado, Indiana, North Dakota, Pennsylvania and Tennessee -- were chosen for the interviews, representing political and demographic characteristics of the overall U.S. adult population, according to the researchers.
Sponsored by Notre Dame's McGrath Institute for Church Life, the study included 118 women and 99 men; 54% were college educated; 53% were married; 68% were white, while 14% were African American, 10% Hispanic and 2% Asian.
Weekly churchgoers made up 27% of the respondents and 35% attended less than once a year or never. The remaining 38% varied between going to church once or twice a year to nearly every week. The religious breakdown shows that 41% of interviewees were Protestant, 21% were Catholic, 4% were Jewish, 7% had another religious affiliation and 27% had no connection to religion.
Responses from Catholics generally diverged along generational lines and whether people regularly attended Mass or not. But Bruce said there was no "predictable set of responses" from Catholics.
Older Catholics and those more involved in the church tended to oppose abortion and younger Catholics, who are more loosely tied to the church, held more nuanced views about abortion, Bruce said.
The interviews were recorded and then transcribed and tabulated, giving the researchers an opportunity to let the voices of respondents be more fully heard.
Bruce said her team wanted to learn what ordinary Americans thought about abortion, explaining that most interview studies focus on social activists, people with personal experiences of abortion and members of "particular religious traditions."
When it comes to attitudes on abortion, 51% of participants said the procedure should be legal only under certain circumstance. Meanwhile, 35% said it should be legal under any circumstance, while just 14% said it should be illegal all the time.
On morality, 33% of those interviewed said they were morally opposed to abortion, while 38% of responses were categorized as "it depends," and 29% of participants were not morally opposed to abortion.
The study went beyond the numbers to understand why people felt the way they did. The researchers found that people were influenced in their views by abortion experience, parenthood, facts, religion and politics.
Rather than being divided into camps of people who support abortion and those who don't, Bruce said, study participants fall in the "big muddy middle."
Narratives from participants make up a significant amount of the report, allowing interviewees to offer the reasons for their perspectives.
Bruce told CNS Americans "don't talk much about abortion." Participants told the researchers they were often wary to do so for the study, but appreciated the opportunity to respond.
"So hearing them talk about it, we recognize the way that ordinary Americans talk about it is not the ways activists talk about it. Also when they talk about abortion, it's not a particularly happy moment. Even for those who see abortion as a public need and think it should be accessible, it's still not talked about as a happy thing," Bruce said.
A section of the report noted that "the silence surrounding abortion is a partial consequence of the shouting that surrounds it publicly," the report said. "Interviewees express fear that talking will incite conflict, despite the promises so many articulate not to 'judge' another."
The report also said the interviews revealed that "most Americans have not given careful thought to abortion, beyond how labels, politics and media frame public conversations about it."
Bruce said the research team determined abortion attitudes are more complex than most surveys suggest. They also learned that people would welcome discussions about abortion "away from the shouting" widely experienced in American culture.
"Americans can talk about abortion under the right conditions," the researchers wrote. "They are more inclined to enter conversations than debates, and would benefit from expanded education in science, law and moral reasoning."
Another finding revealed that none of the people interviewed considered abortion as desirable. While views ranged from a preference for abortion to be available to its justification and need, "Americans do not uphold abortion as a happy event, or something they want more of," the study said.
Respondents said they wanted to see ways to "prevent, reduce and eliminate potentially difficult or unexpected circumstances" that can lead a woman to seek an abortion.
"Americans -- by and large -- do not approach abortion with callousness, but with sensitivity and a recognition that it is a tough issue," the study said.
